A maneira mais fácil de comparar e reservar o trabalho em movimento. Quem são os ajudantes Os prestadores de serviços que você vê em HireAHelper fazem tarefas de carga e descarga para se viver. Muitas são empresas de movimentação trabalhistas profissionais que se especializam em serviços de carga e descarga. Outras empresas que se deslocam a serviço completo estão dispostas a enviar seus trabalhadores para empregos móveis em trabalho. O que acontece se eles romperem minhas coisas. A maioria dos motores resolverão problemas de danos por conta própria, especialmente se você selecionar alguém com ótimas críticas. Eles não querem arriscar obter uma revisão ruim e perder negócios. Mas no caso de o seu fornecedor de serviços não resolver o seu pedido de danos, existe um seguro de desconto disponível quando você faz seu pedido através do HireAHelper, que cobre .60 libras até 10k. Existe também uma cobertura de valor total disponível para compra da MovingInsurance. As taxas começam em 12 por 1000 em cobertura. Quem é HireAHelper Somos uma verdadeira empresa de tijolos e argamassa com sede em Oceanside CA. Para garantir que o seu movimento seja bom, você pode chegar a uma pessoa real aqui 7 dias por semana. Usamos Braintree para garantir que seus pagamentos sejam seguros. Era um negócio BBB avaliado. Era um membro orgulhoso. Introduzindo o mercado de Mudança 101 Havent alugou seu caminhão ou container em movimento ainda. Nós podemos ajudar a nossa nova seção de Moving 101 da marca da marca. Tem todas as informações que você precisa para ajudá-lo a comparar todas as suas opções de mudança e planejar seu movimento. Leia revisões reais e compare o preço médio para aluguel local de caminhões de longa distância e recipientes móveis. Encontre dicas, truques e lembretes de compatibilidade para fazer uma jogada mais fácil. Além disso, descubra mais sobre por que fazer um Híbrido Mover com HireAHelper irá poupar tempo amplo de dinheiro. Movimento feliz Faça um movimento mais fácil RentAHelper Destaque em ldquo. Um excelente site para ajudá-lo a economizar tempo e dinheiro. HireAHelper é uma parada de compras para você. Rdquo - Fox News D. C. quotLaura39s Likesquot HireAHelper Destaque em ldquo. Um excelente site para ajudá-lo a economizar tempo e dinheiro. HireAHelper é uma parada de compras para você. Rdquo - Fox News DC quotLaura39s Likesquot HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper liga você com motores em diferentes áreas que podem ajudá-lo a simplesmente empacotar caixas, ou apenas carregar ou descarregar boxesrdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper liga você com motores em diferentes áreas que podem ajudá-lo a simplesmente embalar caixas , Ou apenas carregar ou descarregar boxesrdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoDe contratação de pessoas para ajudá-lo a se mover para o preço comparando caminhões e contêineres, você pode fazer tudo em um único lugar HireAHelperrdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoDe contratar pessoas para ajudá-lo a se mover para o preço comparando caminhões e contêineres, Você pode fazer tudo em um lugar HireAHelperrdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoSe você contratou um motor, recomendamos o HireAHelper, que lhe permite comparar os motores locais para obter o melhor negócio. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoSe você vai contratar um motor, Recomendamos altamente HireAHelper, o que lhe permite comparar os motores locais para obter o melhor negócio. rdquo HireAHel Por Destaque em ldquoSo, como você encontra profissionais confiáveis locais para fazer a embalagem e a descarga? É um site para isso. Rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoSo como você encontra profissionais confiáveis locais para fazer a embalagem e a descarga. É um site para isso. Rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper facilita a comparação de suas opções de empresa móvel colocando toda a informação em um só lugar. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper faz a comparação de suas opções de empresas móveis com facilidade colocando toda a informação em um único lugar. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoVocê pode ver taxas , Quais os equipamentos que eles usam para se mudar e até verificar o histórico da empresa e os comentários dos clientes. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoVocê pode ver as taxas, quais os equipamentos que eles usam para se mudar e até verificar o histórico da empresa e os comentários dos clientes. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper, Um mercado on-line para o trabalho em movimento lançado em 2006. rdquo HireAHelper Destaque em ldquoHireAHelper, um mercado on-line para o trabalho em movimento iniciado em 2006. rdquoTodos os direitos, letrsquos, começaram Tópico 1: Tipos de submarinos O tamanho dos submarinos modernos - não o que Você imaginou Quando a maioria das pessoas pensa em submarinos, eles pensam no diesel pequeno e sujo Submarinos que vêem nos filmes. Os submarinos dos EUA Navys não são nada assim - são praticamente imaculados, grandes submarinos. Por exemplo, os submarinos da classe de Ohio (Trident) são quase 2 campos de futebol longos, 7 andares de altura de quilha para navegar, e de largura como uma rodovia de 3 pistas. É difícil perceber o quão grande eles são porque a maioria está submersa. Somente fora da água você pode apreciar o quão grande eles são. As imagens à direita são da mesma classe de submarino (Ohio Class), e a segunda imagem tem dois submarinos idênticos, um no cais e um na água ao lado. Tipos de Submarinos - Ataques Rápidos (SSNs) Existem 3 tipos de submarinos de ataque rápido na Marinha dos EUA. O mais antigo e familiar, famoso por Tom Clancy em The Hunt for Red October, é a classe Los Angeles (688), que ainda compõe a maior parte da nossa frota de ataque rápido. - Temos 3 submarinos de Seawolfs, enormes Cold War com 8 tubos de torpedo, capazes de transportar 50 torpedos cada. Estes são submarinos muito capazes, mas veio com um preço correspondente, e com o fim da Guerra Fria, a Marinha precisava de um submarino mais acessível. - Entre na classe da Virgínia, com 10 deles em serviço a partir de 2013, alavancando o Seawolf e tecnologia ainda mais inovadora. - As duas principais imagens são submarinos de classe de Los Angeles. Observe que o submarino superior esquerdo tem Sail Planes enquanto o direito superior direito não. A Marinha moveu-se para encaminhar aviões planos vice-vela durante a construção da classe de Los Angeles. O Seawolf é o inferior esquerdo e a Virgínia está na parte inferior direita. Observe a forma funky da frente da vela, que é assim para fins hidrodinâmicos, reduzindo o arrasto através da água a alta velocidade. Tipos de submarinos - Submarino de mísseis balísticos (SSBN) Temos um tipo de submarino de mísseis balísticos hoje - a classe de Ohio, às vezes referida como a classe Trident porque carrega o míssil Trident. 18 submarinos de classe de Ohio foram construídos, mas temos apenas 14 SSBNs porque 4 foram convertidos em SSGNs (mais sobre isso abaixo). - Cada SSBN pode transportar 24 mísseis, com cada míssil portador de ogivas múltiplas, e a cada segundo de cada dia, sempre há vários SSBNs no mar na patrulha Alert, pronto para lançar seus mísseis em um momento prévio. Quando as pessoas falam sobre a tríade nuclear, eles estão se referindo à tríade de plataformas de lançamento nuclear - bombardeiros, ICBM terrestres e SSBNs. - SSBNs são a única perna sobrevivente da Tríade contra um ataque inimigo, porque ninguém sabe onde estão quando estão no mar, nem mesmo nossa própria Marinha. Tipos de Submarinos - Submarino de Míssil Guiado (SSGN) O SSGN é uma variante da SSBN da classe de Ohio, modificada para transportar mísseis Tomahawk em vez de mísseis balísticos de ponta de cabeça nuclear e também modificada para transportar até 4 pelotões de Navy SEALs. - Com as limitações da guerra nuclear nuclear do START, a Marinha tinha quatro submarinos Trident adicionais e, em vez disso, desativou-os com 20 anos de vida, a Marinha modificou-os, tornando-os em plataformas de guerra especiais. - 22 dos 24 tubos de mísseis são modificados para transportar mísseis Tomahawk em lançadores de 7 pacotes, com os 2 tubos restantes modificados em troncos de acesso para Dry Shelters Deck (DDS) se estiverem conectados aos submarinos Missile Deck. Cada DDS é capaz de transportar um veículo de entrega SEAL (SDV), um min-sub de 4 homens. Tópico 2: Layout - Dentro do Submarino Bem-vindo ao segundo tópico do Submarino 101, onde a Irsquoll irá levá-lo para dentro dos submarinos nucleares de Navis dos Estados Unidos. Vou começar com uma visão geral básica. Todos os submarinos dos EUA têm 3 compartimentos. Do arco para a popa, eles são: - Compartimento de operações (ou encaminhar) - Compartimento do reator - Quarto do motor Além disso, os submarinos da classe Ohio (Trident) (SSBNs e SSGNs) também possuem um compartimento de mísseis entre o compartimento de operações e o compartimento do reator. - Dentro de cada compartimento, existem espaços, como sala de Controle, Sala de Torpedos, Berthing ou Sala de Máquinas Auxiliares, ou às vezes um espaço é simples como um nível: - Quarto de Motor Nível Inferior - Compartimento de Mísseis 2º Nível Embora não seja um Compartimento ou nível, vamos começar com o espaço no topo dos submarinos Sail, chamado Bridge Cockpit, ou simplesmente a Bridge. Dentro do Submarino - A Ponte No topo da Vela, ou torre de comando para você tipos da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Ponte é onde o submarino é controlado desde a sua superfície. O oficial do convés, ou o capitão dependendo de quão delicada é a evolução, dá ordens do cockpit Bridge, como você pode ver na imagem. No entanto, se o tempo estiver realmente ruim, como quando as ondas estão quebrando o topo da vela, o relógio às vezes é movido abaixo do convés e o submarino é controlado pela sala de controle, como é quando o submarino está submerso. Infelizmente, você está limitado ao que você pode ver através dos periscopios. Mas nesse ponto, você moveu o relógio abaixo do convés, porque o tempo está tão ruim, a visibilidade da Ponte se deteriorou até o ponto em que você não pode ver muito da Ponte de qualquer maneira. Dentro do Submarino - Compartimento de Operações O Compartimento de Operações, como seu nome indica, é o batimento cardíaco do submarino, e pode ser dividido em oito espaços principais: - Sala de Controle - Sala de Sonar - Sala de Rádio - Sala Torpedo - Berthing (embora alistado O berthing está no compartimento de mísseis em submarinos de classe de Ohio) - Conflitos e sala de estar (Irsquoll fala sobre esses espaços na seção de Alimentos) - Quarto Espacial de Máquinas Auxiliares - Compartimento de Bateria Iniciamos com a Sala de Controle. Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Sala de Controle (Tipo Tradicional) Existem 2 tipos de Quartos de Controle - o tipo tradicional eo novo tipo a bordo do submarino de classe da Virgínia. A imagem na publicação (classe de Ohio) é o tipo tradicional com periscopios penetrantes no casco. Na foto, você está na frente da Sala de Controle ao lado do Painel de Controle do Navio. O Helm está à esquerda e o vigia externo está à direita e sentado entre eles é o Diving Officer of the Watch, muitas vezes referido como o Dive. Para o extremo direito é o Chefe do Relógio, juntamente com o que parece ser o Mensageiro do Relógio. - O Helm dirige o navio (com o leme) e controla os aviões de vela ou arco (um ou outro dependendo da classe do navio), e o Outboard controla o ângulo no navio com os planos da popa. The Dive supervisiona o Helm e o Outboard, bem como o Chief of the Watch, que controla a flutuabilidade dos submarinos e levanta os submarinos mastros e antenas. Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Sala de Controle (Tipo Tradicional) Aqui você vê o Chefe do Assento sentado em seu painel no lado do submarino (foto esquerda), onde ele pode mover a água para dentro e fora do submarino, e também para A popa (entre tanques internos) para controlar a flutuabilidade dos navios, monitorar o estado de todas as escotilhas e as aberturas do casco, e aumentar e abaixar todos os mastros e antenas, exceto os periscopios, que são controlados pelo oficial do convés. - Ao longo do lado de estribor do submarino estão os Consoles de Controle de Combate, onde a equipe de submarinos determina o curso, a velocidade e o alcance dos alvos, atribua presets de torpedos, lança seus torpedos, monitora seu status depois de disparar e até mesmo envia comandos de acompanhamento após o disparo . (Mais sobre isso na seção de armamento.) Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Sala de Controle (Classe de Virgínia) A Sala de Controle de Virgínia é diferente porque o submarino não tem periscopios penetrantes de casco. Isso significa que a Sala de Controle não está mais ligada ao topo do Compartimento de Operações, diretamente sob a Vela, e foi movida para um nível baixo, onde o feixe de navios é mais largo, dando mais espaço ao Controle. Além de não ter periscopias físicas (tem mordos de fotônica controlados por um joystick), a Sala de Sonar foi movida para controle, com consoles ao longo do lado da porta, oposto aos consoles de Controle de Combate no estribor (veja a imagem mais baixa) - então. Não há sala de sonar em submarinos da classe da Virgínia. - Se você acha que isso é heresia, apenas espere - não há mais Dive, Chief of the Watch, Helm ou Outboard watchstanders. Em submarinos de classe da Virgínia, esses quatro espectadores foram substituídos. espere por isso. Um Piloto e Co-Piloto que se sentam no Painel de Controle do Navio. - Eu sei, para você, veteranos de submarino, provavelmente deveria ter assegurado que você não tivesse comida na boca antes que eu lhe dissesse, então você não engasgou. E o Oficial do Deck dá ordens de manobra - Piloto, frente padrão, timão direito. Eu não estou brincando com você. Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Sala de Sonar A Sala de Sonar é as orelhas dos submarinos, constantemente equipadas por vários Sonarmen, ouvindo os contatos, tanto a superfície quanto a submersa. Uma vez que um contato é detectado, os rastreadores automáticos são designados para reportar o rolamento de contato ao Sistema de Controle de Combate no Controle, onde os Técnicos de Controle de Incêndio e algoritmos automatizados tentam determinar o curso, velocidade e alcance dos contatos. (Mais sobre isso mais tarde.) - Na verdade, os Sonarmen procuram contatos mais do que ouvir e a metade inferior da imagem dá uma idéia do que eles estão procurando, embora as visualizações atuais estejam mais avançadas. Cada rastro verde brilhante representa um contato e o ângulo ascendente de cada traço representa seu movimento ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser correlacionado com um curso específico, velocidade e alcance. Dentro do compartimento de operações - Sala de rádio, não consegui encontrar fotos de salas de rádio submarinas na Internet (estou impressionado com o que consegui encontrar até agora), mas o adjunto é um formador de sala de rádio. Basicamente, a Sala de Rádios descreve adequadamente sua função, e normalmente é constituída por dois consoles, conectados aos submarinos de mastros de rádio na Vela e um ou ambos os seus periscopios para transmissão e recepção, e para vários racks de equipamentos na Sala de Rádio para Descodificando e criptografando as transmissões. - Normalmente, um submarino passa a periscope profundidade e copia ou baixa a transmissão através de um receptor em cima de um de seus periscopios. Outros circuitos de comunicação exigem a elevação de uma antena específica da vela. - SSBNs também tem duas bóias flutuantes que se implantam enquanto patrulham que flutuam perto da superfície, permitindo que o submarino permaneça vários centos de pés sob a superfície dos oceanos, mas permaneça em comunicação constante. - Os submarinos também têm o chamado fio flutuante que eles podem implantar de sua vela, que eles fluem atrás deles várias centenas de metros como uma gigantesca antena, permitindo também que eles permaneçam em comunicação constante enquanto submersos (às vezes). Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Quarto Torpedo O Quarto Torpedo é tão descritivo quanto a Sala de Rádio - sua loja e atirar torpedos lá. No entanto, em submarinos de ataque rápido, você também pode armazenar e disparar mísseis Tomahawk, e o Quarto Torpedo também serve como um espaço para atracação de transbordamento, convertendo torpedos desocupados em beliches. - Na imagem superior esquerda, você vê um torpedo amarrado em uma estufa a bordo de um submarino de classe 688. No canto superior direito, você vê uma sala de torpedos da classe Virginia, um pouco espaçosa. Isso porque os berços do torpedo na classe da Virgínia são removíveis, e na foto, as estacas do centro foram removidas. Isso dá à classe da Virgínia a flexibilidade para reconfigurar seus Quartos de Torpedo para que eles possam armazenar outros equipamentos ou configurá-los nos centros de controle de missão do SEAL, por exemplo. - Na imagem inferior esquerda, um Torpedoman (theyre Machinists Mates agora - não mais Torpedomen) está em um tubo para manutenção, e no canto inferior direito, hes se prepara para disparar o tubo localmente. (Normalmente, eles são disparados de um dos Consoles de Controle de Combate no Controle.) Dentro do submarino - Berthing O ancoradouro do submarino é sempre uma fonte de curiosidade ou de - eu não poderia fazer esses comentários. A maior parte da equipe vive em um compartimento principal de atracação (foto superior direita) - linha após a fila de racks empilhados 3 de alta em cada lado de passagens estreitas. Para uma patrulha de 2 e 12 meses ou uma implantação de 6 meses, você obtém o que equivale a um caixão de alumínio com um lado aberto e adornado com uma cortina, uma lixeira de cinco polegadas de altura no seu colchão para itens pessoais e um armário de 3 pés de altura para Armazenando seus uniformes de vestido. É isso aí. Reserve-se para uma longa viagem com 140 dos seus melhores amigos mal-humorados. Os Staterooms do agente têm os mesmos arranjos de beliche - empilhados 3 de altura, embora a cabine seja incorreta. Os 3 oficiais designados para uma cabine (imagem superior esquerda) não podem ficar de pé ao mesmo tempo sem tropeçar um com o outro. No entanto, as cabines dos oficiais têm duas mesas dobráveis e uma pia dobrada, então eles são bastante luxuosos em comparação com o aluguel alugado. Dentro do Submarino - The Heads (Banheiros) Os banheiros a bordo dos navios da Marinha são chamados de cabeças, ganhando seu nome dos dias de vela, quando estavam localizados na proa ou na cabeça do navio. - Existem duas diferenças principais entre os banheiros domésticos e as cabeças a bordo dos submarinos. O primeiro é a escassez de água. Os submarinos têm que destilar a água que eles precisam para beber, cozinhar e tomar banho da água do mar e ter um abastecimento limitado, de modo que a tripulação tome chuveiros submarinos - acenda e molhe, apague a água e remova o sabão. Ligue a água e enxágue. Repita até terminar. Você nunca pode deixar a água correndo em qualquer lugar. Nem mesmo ao escovar os dentes. - A segunda diferença importante é que o submarino tem que descarregar seus tanques sanitários de vez em quando. Nas classes mais antigas (ou seja, 688), eles pressionam os tanques sanitários e os explodem ao mar. Isso é crítico, na medida em que você não quer liberar um banheiro enquanto um tanque está sendo soprado ao mar. MUITO crítico. Os banheiros são limpos abrindo uma válvula de esfera que permite que o conteúdo do banheiro flua para dentro do tanque, mas se você abrir a válvula de esfera enquanto o tanque é pressurizado - veja a foto do lado direito para o que acontece. E sim, isso acontece. Pelo menos uma vez que uma patrulha, parece que um novo membro da tripulação esquece, apesar do sinal pendurado na porta da cômoda, e ele tenta lavar o banheiro enquanto o tanque está sendo soprado ao mar. Muito bagunçado. Dentro do Compartimento de Operações - Sala de Espaço de Máquinas Auxiliares O Gerador de Diesel de Emergência está localizado no Espaço de Máquinas Auxiliares, que é uma peça crítica de engrenagem se o reator nuclear cair. A bateria a bordo de submarinos alimentados por energia nuclear é muito pequena (mais por isso, amanhã), por isso é imperativo que o gerador de diesel seja levado rapidamente em caso de acidente de um reator nuclear. No entanto, como as baterias submarinas nucleares, o gerador a diesel também é pequeno por padrões de submarino diesel e é usado apenas para suportar cargas elétricas básicas enquanto a equipe soluciona a falha no reator nuclear. - O submarino deve chegar a periscopear a profundidade e fazer snorkle - cutucando seu mastro de snorkle acima da superfície da água - enquanto corre o diesel, já que é um motor de combustão e precisa de ar. (Ver foto) - Equipamentos de controle de atmosfera (geradores de oxigênio, etc.) às vezes estão localizados no Espaço de Máquinas Auxiliares e às vezes na Sala de Motores. Mais sobre este equipamento no tópico Air e Água. Dentro do compartimento de operações - Compartimento da bateria Como mencionei anteriormente, as baterias de submarinos nucleares são pequenas por padrões de submarinos de diesel e fornecerá energia por apenas algumas horas antes de serem drenadas. Antes disso, o submarino deve estar na profundidade do periscópio com o gerador diesel de emergência que suporta cargas elétricas ou identificou e reparou a falha no reator nuclear. - A bateria de submarinos não é uma bateria, mas, normalmente, 126 células de bateria conectadas entre si. (Pense nisso como uma lanterna D-Cell realmente poderosa.) Cada célula é bastante grande, como você pode ver na imagem - cerca de 1 x 1 x 5 de altura. - À medida que a bateria é drenada, ela é monitorada para garantir que nenhuma das células comece a inverter a polaridade, o que significa que eles se tornaram drenados, e eles começam a se carregar à custa das células da bateria restantes. Nesse ponto, você está com grandes problemas. Dentro do Submarino - compartimento de mísseis, eu não entrarei em muito detalhe sobre o compartimento de mísseis, porque está coberto em outros posts. Mas, basicamente, é um compartimento de quatro níveis que contém 24 tubos de mísseis e todo o equipamento mecânico e elétrico que leva para lançá-los, além de quartos de beliche de 9 homens entre os tubos de míssil no 2º nível, bem como médicos. Você geralmente encontrará o equipamento de exercícios de submarinos - talvez duas bicicletas estacionárias, uma máquina de remo, uma máquina de levantamento de peso universal talvez, em um ou dois dos níveis, onde você pode obter um treino decente. Dentro do Submarino - Compartimento do Reator O reator nuclear é o coração da propulsão e do sistema elétrico dos submarinos. É complicado, mas ao mesmo tempo é bastante básico - é uma chaleira de chá sofisticada. O reator fica quente e aquece a água primária no núcleo que é enviada para um gerador de vapor onde aquece a água secundária em vapor. O vapor é enviado para a Sala do Motor onde ele alimenta os motores principais e os geradores de turbina elétrica antes de ser condensado de volta à água e enviado de volta para o Compartimento do Reator onde ele voltou a vapor e o processo se repete. Muito simples em conceito. Apenas não deixe o reator ficar muito quente, o que é a parte complicada. - Os reatores submarinos de hoje contêm combustível suficiente para alimentar o submarino durante toda a sua vida - não é necessário reabastecimento. Dentro do Submarino - Quarto do Motor A Sala do Motor é onde estão localizados os Motores Principais, Geradores de Turbinas Elétricas, Geradores de Motor Elétricos, Destiladores e, em alguns casos, geradores de oxigênio. É também onde a planta do reator, a usina elétrica e a planta de vapor são controladas - a Sala de Manobra (falo sobre isso em um pouco). - Submarinos normalmente têm 2 de tudo o que é importante, apenas no caso de um quebrar. (Nós dividimos muitas coisas.) - 2 motores principais, 2 geradores de turbina elétrica, 2 geradores de motor (para carregar de e para a bateria) e às vezes 4 deles dependendo da classe submarina - 4 bombas de alimentação principais, 4 condensados Bombas, etc. (aparentemente, quebramos muitos deles). No entanto, temos apenas um eixo de propulsor. Quebrou isso e foi, bem. Subiram o riacho sem padela. - Eu não consegui encontrar uma boa foto de um submarino americano Engine Room, porque eles são um grande compartimento de vários níveis e as fotos geralmente não são permitidas na sala do motor de qualquer maneira, então eu vou deixar você com este de Das Boat. Dentro do Submarino - Sala de Manobra A Sala de Manobra - geralmente referida como Manobra - é onde a planta de reator, planta elétrica e planta de vapor são controladas a partir de. É um pequeno compartimento 10 x 10 perto da frente da sala do motor, tripulado por um oficial e três homens alistados. (Na classe da Virgínia, existem apenas dois painéis e dois homens alistados. Os painéis de controle da planta de vapor e reator são combinados em um painel, chamado Painel de controle da planta de propulsão.) - Os homens alistados sentam-se diante de um painel - o O painel central é equipado por um Operador de Reactor, que muda a altura das hastes de controle do reator e a velocidade das bombas de refrigerante do reator. O painel à direita é tripulado por um Operador Elétrico que controla os geradores de turbina que geram eletricidade e o Motor Genrators que carregam ou descarregam a bateria, e o painel à esquerda é tripulado geralmente por outro eletricista, qualificado como Throttleman e É responsável pela planta de vapor. O dever mais importante de Throttlemans é responder aos sinos de propulsão do controle. Quando o oficial do convés ordena um novo sino, o leme acerta a nova ordem no Telegraph Teledo do motor ao lado dele no Controle, que o reencontra de volta ao Throttleman, The Throttleman, então gira o acelerador circular em seu painel para o pedido Sino, que abre ou fecha as válvulas nas turbinas principais do motor, permitindo mais ou menos vapor para elas. Bem, isso é para o passeio dentro do submarino Clique no link abaixo para levá-lo de volta à lista de tópicos no topo da página ou continue no próximo tópico Submarino Armamento Tópico 3: Armamento Submarino (Armas e Contramedidas) ) Armamento submarino - Armas e chamarizes Bem-vindo ao terceiro tópico do Submarino 101 - os submarinos de armas e chamariz carregam. Comece com a arma mais importante dos submarinos - o Torpedo MK 48. Todos os submarinos americanos carregam o torpedo MK 48 ADCAP. Os submarinos da classe de Los Angeles e da Virgínia são projetados para transportar cerca de 25 torpedos e ter 4 tubos de torpedo para dispará-los, enquanto a classe Seawolf, um gigante da Guerra Fria com 8 torpedos, pode transportar até 50 torpedos. O submarino da classe de Ohio, após a modificação da sala Torpedo, pode transportar cerca de 13 torpedos. - Ao contrário dos torpedos da Segunda Guerra Mundial, que eram corredores diretos, torpedos modernos como o MK 48 têm sonar nos narizes e são artificialmente inteligentes. Eles devem fazer ping, processar os retornos e depois decidir o que fazer. Se um submarino inimigo expulsa chamarizes, o torpedo tentará diferenciar entre o submarino e o chamariz. Além disso, o torpedo MK 48 trilha um fio fino que permanece conectado ao submarino, e a equipe pode enviar comandos para o torpedo, como girar à esquerda ou à direita, alterar a profundidade ou outros comandos que irão aumentar a probabilidade do torpedos, ele irá detectar o alvo. - Atualmente há 3 ldquoModsrdquo de torpedos MK 48 na Frota, e a principal diferença entre eles é a Seção de Orientação e Controle (ou seja, o cérebro do torpedo): - Mod 6, que é referido como o Mod de ldquolegacyrdquo, já que eles GCrsquos são construídos com peças MILSPEC. - Mod 6 ACOT, onde o ACOT GC é uma substituição exata do Mod 6 GC legado usando componentes comerciais fora da prateleira (COTS). - Mod 7, que é um Mod 6 ACOT com um Receptor de Amplificador de Sinal de Banda Larga (BSAR) em vez de um receptor de sinal discreto, o que dá ao Mod 7 mais capacidade. Submarino Armamento - Tomahawk Mísseis Submarinos também podem lançar Tomahawk mísseis de ataque de terra. Todos os submarinos de ataque rápido podem lançar Tomahawks de seus tubos torpedos, e a maioria dos Los Angeles Class (688s) tem 12 tubos de lançamento vertical em sua proa. O primeiro vôo de submarinos de classe da Virgínia não possui capacidade de lançamento vertical Tomahawk, mas os próximos dois vôos de submarinos de Virgínia terão a capacidade. No entanto, ao contrário dos tubos de lançamento individuais, como você vê na foto do submarino da classe de Los Angeles, o plano atual é que a classe da Virgínia tenha dois grandes tubos de 6 vasos na proa, semelhantes aos que o SSGN carrega no compartimento de mísseis . - SSGNs (submarinos de mísseis guiados) também podem lançar torpedos Tomahawk, com 22 de seus 24 tubos capazes de lançar 7 Tomahawks cada, para 154 total, dependendo de como o SSGN está configurado. Armamento submarino - Os SSBNs de mísseis balísticos D5 (submarinos de mísseis balísticos) podem transportar até 24 mísseis, que podem ser configurados com até 8 ogivas nucleares cada. Dependendo da ogiva, cada ogiva pode ser cerca de 25 vezes mais poderosa do que o que foi descartado em Hiroshima, para que você possa imaginar o poder destrutivo de um único submarino TRIDENT do míssil balístico. - Felizmente, a equipe está bem treinada e há muitas salvaguardas no local para impedir o lançamento inadvertido ou não autorizado de qualquer um desses mísseis, e eu tive que trabalhar com muita dificuldade em The Trident Deception para encontrar um cenário plausível onde essas salvaguardas poderiam Seja ignorado até o ponto em que o leitor possa pressionar o botão "Eu acredito". (Você terá que ler o livro para descobrir o que eu criei, e será interessante ver o que você pensa do meu cenário.) Armamento Submarino - SEALs (Fast Attacks) Embora não exatamente armamento, SEALs são armas bastante efetivas e depois Torpedos, mísseis Tomahawks e D5, a entrega mais letal que um submarino pode fazer. Alguns submarinos de ataque rápido tiveram a capacidade de conduzir as operações do Dry Deck Shelter (mais sobre isso amanhã), mas acho que nenhum deles faz hoje, o que deixa ataques rápidos com simples capacidade de bloqueio, o que significa que os SEALs simplesmente saem e entram no submarino Das escotilhas dos submarinos enquanto subaquática. O submarino fica perto da costa, cai dos SEALs, depois permanece na vizinhança até os SEALs retornarem de sua missão a terra. Armamento Submarino - SEALs (SSGN - Abrigos de Deck Seco) Os SSGNs podem transportar duas câmaras secas de abrigo para abrigo seco (DDS), de 9 pés de diâmetro anexadas ao topo do Deck de mísseis. Cada DDS tem a capacidade de transportar um veículo de entrega SEAL (SDV) ou vários RIBs (lanchas infláveis - mais sobre isso amanhã). Mas, normalmente, os DDSs possuem SDVs. Um SDV é um mini-sub de 4 manípulos capaz de ser lançado a partir do DDS enquanto o SSGN fica fora da costa submerso. A equipe de SEALs atravessa a costa submergida em sua SDV, retornando quando sua missão é realizada. Armamento Submarino - SEALs (SSGN - RIBs) Como mencionei na minha última publicação, os RIBs são lanchas infláveis que SEALs ligam motores. Estas RIB podem ser armazenadas em vários locais a bordo de submarinos - em Dry Deck Shelters, em tubos de mísseis convertidos a bordo de SSGNs, ou nos armários de superestrutura de submarinos. - SSGNs também têm um dos seus níveis de compartimento de mísseis convertidos em atracação extra, para que eles possam transportar 2 pelotões de combate SEALs. Os 2 pelotões de SEALs podem sair do submarino, recuperar e inflar seus RIBs e anexar seus motores, e estar indo para a costa em poucos minutos. Undermarine Armament - Torpedo Decoys (Countermeasures) Os submariners referem-se a chamarizes torpedo como contramedidas. Existem dois tipos básicos de contramedidas que uma equipe de submarinos lança quando detecta um torpedo entrante: - Noisemakers que tentam assourar o torpedo entrante, então ele não pode ouvir (detectar) o submarino enquanto tenta evadir. - Decoys que tentam imitar a assinatura acústica do submarino e convencer o torpedo de segui-lo em vez do submarino tentando evadir. A combinação e a seqüência do emprego de contramedidas são classificadas, portanto, infelizmente, em The Trident Deception, simplesmente me referi a contramedidas como torpeiras em geral, sem parar para explicar as diferenças entre os vários tipos ou seu emprego. Bem-vindo ao Tópico 4 do Submarino 101 - Submarinos Os submarinos de ataque rápido têm uma equipe de cerca de 134, dividida em cerca de 120 alistados e 14 oficiais, enquanto os SSBNs têm 16 recrutas adicionais e geralmente um oficial adicional. (O tamanho da equipe varia entre a classe e o tempo excedido, então não me segure, mas o que está acima dá uma idéia.) A sala de guarda do oficial é composta por: - Diretor-chefe - Diretor Executivo (segundo comando) - 4 departamento heads: the Engineer Officer or Eng, responsible for the nuclear reactor, the propulsion plant, and all basic mechanical and electrical systems, the Navigator or Nav, responsible for the navigation and radio divisions, the Weapons Officer or Weps, responsible for the submarines torpedo , sonar, and missile divisions, and the Supply Officer or Suppo, although many have not broken the habit of calling the man responsible for serving the pork and beans, the Chop. - The rest of the officers are junior officers on their 1st submarine tour. The enlisted personnel are broken down into the following divisions: Engineering Department - Auxiliary (non-nuclear Mechanical) - Electrical - Mechanical - Reactor Controls - Reactor Laboratory Operations Department - Navigation - Radio Supply Department - Culinary Specialist (Cooks) - Supply Weapons Department - Torpedo - Sonar - Fire Control - Missile (on SSBNs) Theres also a Medical Department headed by a Corpsman, and Ill talk about that at the end in the section titled When Things Go Wrong. Blue and Gold Crews Unlike fast attacks, SSBNs and SSGNs have two crews (Blue Gold) to maximize the time the boat spends at sea. - While one crew is at sea, the other crew takes on replacements for personnel who have transferred or left the Navy, then trains and certifies the new strategic, navigation, and tactical teams in training centers ashore, and also gets some well-deserved time off with the family. - Once the boat returns, both crews work together during its Refit period before the other crew departs on patrol. Women on Submarines In 2010, the Navy finally decided to allow women to serve on submarines, and admitted the first dozen female officers into the nuclear power training pipeline. - The argument against women on submarines (as I understand it) has been the difficulty of accommodating them due to privacy concerns (no separate berthing or bathroom facilities) and radiation concerns (to the unborn child before you know you are pregnant). However, those concerns have apparently been addressed and the barrier removed. - The first female officers will be stationed aboard Ohio class SSGN and SSBNs, and also on select Virginia class submarines. - As a note, this is not something new to submarines - just the U. S. Navy. Foreign navies have had women serving aboard their submarines for decades in some cases. For any upset bubbleheads out there, my favorite quote Ive heard to date is: Easy guys - we let nukes aboard. Women should be easy. P. S. For non-bubbleheads, nukes nuclear trained personnel. Speaking of women on submarines, I beat you all to it Below is a photo of my wife and me, atop the sail of USS Kamehameha in 1994, while underway for a Dependents Day cruise. Topic 5: Submarine Deployment Information and Preps Submarine Deployments - Patrol Deployment Duration Welcome to Topic 5 of Submarine 101 - Deployment Info. Ill start with the basics - how long do submarines go on deployment Ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) have about a 100 day cycle - a 2 and 12 month patrol followed by a 1 month in-port Refit, or maintenance period. SSBNs have 2 crews, and both crews assist with the Refit, then one crew will spend the next 2 and 12 months in port while the other crew is at sea. - Fast attacks (SSNs) typically have an 18 month cycle, during which they deploy for 6 months. - Guided Missile submarines (SSGNs), like SSBNs, have 2 crews and conduct a deployments similar to a fast attack, although the missions are different. Once submarines return from deployment or patrol, the crew usually gets some well-deserved time off, personnel transfer and replacements arrive, and the crew begins the process of training and melding back into a finely tuned team. Submarine Deployments - Crew Certification Prior to patrol or deployment, the crew is certified by Squadron or Group personnel, typically during monitored scenarios in team-trainers ashore: Navigation, Tactical (Fire Control Party and Sonar), and EAM (Emergency Action Message - i. e. nuclear weapon launch order decryption teams) and the Strategic Command and Control Team, for example. - Each formal team trainer is usually a week long evolution, although the crew can get extra time if it appears they need it. Submarine Deployment Cycle - Refit Upkeep Submarines operate in a harsh environment - seawater is very corrosive and the submarine operates at depths where it is subjected to extremely high pressures. A submarine is a complicated ship with thousands of pumps, motors, generators, turbines, and valves, etc, that have to be kept working properly. - When not on deployment, about once a quarter, each submarine enters an Upkeep (fast attack) or Refit (SSBNSSGN) maintenance period, which lasts about four weeks, during which the submarine is repaired to full capability. - After the maintenance period, the submarine goes to sea for whats called sea trials where it tests out the repaired systems, which normally includes a controlled dived down to test depth. - Submarines dont normally enter drydock for their quarterly maintenance - its normally done pierside. But every so often they enter drydock for more extensive maintenance. Submarine Deployment Preps - Loadout Prior to deployment or patrol, the submarine loads everything it needs for its 2 and 12 month patrol or 6 month deployment: its weapons, food, spare parts, diesel fuel, and tops off its water tanks. - On older ship classes, the food has to be loaded manually, box-by-box as you see in the top two photos of the post, while on TRIDENT submarines (Ohio class) there are removable 8 foot diameter (about) Logistics Escape Trunks that allow the food to be pre-loaded into their supply room containers, then lifted by crane and lowered into the submarine and slid and locked into place in the supply storage room. A whole lot easier. - Ill provide more detail about the food loadout when we get to the Food section in Topic 8. Submarine Deployments - Stuff for your Wife There are a lot of arrangements to be made before you depart for patrol or o deployment. The simplest is the packing - the clothes youll need, plus personal articles (toothpaste, etc.), maybe a few books, plus pictures of the family. - Youll also have to make arrangements for everything youll miss while youre gone. Youll write letters to your wife that she can open once a week, and you can write stickies or notes youll hide around the house for her to find while youre gone. - Dont forget the special holidays youll miss while youre gone, so youll have to pre-order the Valentines and Mothers Day flowers, and buy and wrap the birthday and Christmas gifts, and dont forget the cards either. Submarine Deployments - Stuff for your Kids Being on deployment or patrol is difficult on the family, and itll be hardest on the kids while youre gone, especially when theyre young, so youll leave special pictures for them to carry around with them, or sometimes youll make a video they can watch on TV. - You can also write notes ahead of time that your wife can put inside their lunch box or bag periodically while youre gone. - This is a picture my oldest daughter carried around with her every day for an entire patrol. Topic 6: Underwater Operations Welcome to Topic 6 of Submarine 101. After 5 lessons of the basics, were finally ready for what youve probably been waiting for - were getting underway The first thing youll notice is that the submarine isnt that stable on the surface. Thats because its got a round hull, while surface ships have a nice deep keel to keep them stable. It rolls quite a bit on the surface in rough weather, so we cant wait to get into deep water and pull the plug. - Once were in deep enough water, the Captain (although his rank is a Commander except on SSGNs) will give the order to submerge the ship (lots of preps before that but cant cover them here). The Main Ballast Tank (MBT) vents will be opened, allowing air to escape and water to flood up through grates in the keel, and the sub will gradually sink into the ocean. - The Compensation is critical. After a submarine is in port for a long maintenance period, supplies and spares are loaded, and diesel fuel and water are topped off, etc. It can be difficult to estimate the exact weight of the submarine. This estimation and adjustment back to neutral buoyancy is called The Compensation, and its critical to get it right. If the submarine is too heavy, once the air escapes from the MBTs, the sub will continue to sink toward Crush Depth and the crew will have to catch and carry the extra weight with speed and ships angle until the extra weight can be pumped off. If the sub is too light, is wont sink at all (not dangerous but professionally embarrassing). - The photo in the post is of an SSGN submerging, venting its MBTs, What looks like smoke is simply water spray, being blown upward by the air escaping from the MBT vents, fore and aft. Underwater Ops - Controlling Course and Depth A submarines course is controlled by its rudder, just like a surface ship. Its depth is controlled primarily by putting an angle on the ship, then driving the ship up or down through the water. This angle is put on the submarine by its Stern Planes, mounted on the back, or stern of the ship, near the rudder. - The ships depth can also be fine tuned by another set of planes called the Sail Planes or Bow Planes, depending on the submarine class. Older classes - 688 1st Flight and Ohio Class (SSBN) - have Sail Planes, while newer classes have Bow Planes. - Bow Planes provide more maneuverability, but the Navy resisted moving the planes closer to the sonar sphere in the bow due to the mechanical noise associated with moving the bow planes around, but advances in technology allowed the development of quiet bow plane mechanisms. Underwater Ops - Going to Periscope Depth One of the most critical routine evolutions aboard a submarine is going to periscope depth. A submarine is never 100 sure whats on the surface because it only knows what it can hear. Sailboats, quiet warships, fishing trawlers with their engines idle, etc. will go undetected, for example. - Also, when a submarine comes shallow, due to the oceans thermal layer, it will often pick up new contacts - sometimes dozens, and have insufficient time to determine each ones course, speed and range before it much come up to copy the radio broadcast or transmit a message. The submarines crew must simply convince themselves that none are close enough to pose a collision threat during the ascent to periscope depth. - During an ascent to periscope depth in a high contact density environment, it can be quite tense in Control, and protocol during all ascents to periscope depth is that there is no talking in Control, aside from the Diving Officers depth reports, from the time the Officer of the Deck gives the order to proceed to periscope depth, until the periscope breaks the surface of the water and he announces No close contacts, or gives the order Emergency Deep. Underwater Ops - Surfacing and Emergency Blow Prior to surfacing, the submarine will proceed to periscope depth and take a look around to ensure there are no surface ship contacts that pose a collision threat while surfacing. If everythings clear, the crew will use the submarines stern planes and speed to drive the submarine as high out of the water as possible, then start the submarines Low Pressure Blower, and start blowing the water out of the Main Ballast Tanks (MBTs). - Once the water has been blown out of the MBTs, the submarine is firmly on the surface and the submarine can slow down and its stern planes can be repositioned and locked into their surface running mode. - An alternate method of surfacing, used in an emergency, is the Emergency Blow. In this case, switches are actuated in the submarines Control Room which open valves that port 4500 pound air to the MBTs, forcing the water out of the tanks, making the submarine lighter very quickly. The submarine races to the oceans surface, like a cork held deep underwater and then released. Underwater Ops - How do you know where you are As I mentioned in the Sonar Room post, submarines are blind underwater, and know whats going on around them only from what they hear. So how do they know where they are as they drive around for months on end - A couple of ways. They can go to periscope depth and obtain a GPS fix from satellites in orbit. But a submarines primary means of navigation between fixes are its inertial navigators. Two identical complicated machines that measure small changes in gravity to figure out in which direction the submarine is moving. These updates are fed to a navigation chart and compared to each other. As long as theyre both tracking together, life is good. - The photo in the post is a cutaway of an older inertial navigator. These devices use small beryllium balls spinning around at thousands of revolutions per second, and variations of these navigation devices are also used on missiles. If youve heard the term spinning up all missiles as theyre brought on-line for launch, its a reference to their inertial navigators spinning up their beryllium balls. Underwater Ops - Tracking Targets Its so much easier to file a missile than it is to fire a torpedo. Two sweeps of the radar - mere seconds - and youve got a target solution. Send it to the missile and fire. Not so easy on submarines - it can take HOURS before a submarine is ready to launch a torpedo. Why the difference Range. - The big difference between radar and sonar is range information. Radar delivers both bearing and range information. Submarines however, normally use passive sonar, which provides only bearing information. As a result, when a contact is gained, you know what bearing its on, but you dont know how far away it is, its speed, or its course. It could be a mile away heading east, or ten miles away heading west. So you cant shoot - just yet. You need to figure things out. - Fortunately, you can. There are ways to evaluate a contacts bearing and eventually determine its range, course, and speed. But it takes time. And if it maneuvers to a new course and speed while youre trying to figure it out, it makes it that much harder. When two submarines engage in a cat-and-mouse game hunting each other, each one constantly changing course and speed, it can be a nerve-wracking and time-consuming ordeal until one submarine crew decides they have a firing solution. Topic 7: The Daily Routine Welcome to Topic 7 of Submarine 101 Now that were underway and youve got the hang of how the submarine maneuvers and tracks contacts, well settle into the daily routine. First up - The Watch Cycle. Submarines operate on a 6 hour watch cycle. The crew is divided into 3 watch sections, and each section stands watch for 6 hours, then gets 12 hours off. During those 12 hours off, a crew member eats, sleeps, trains, and conducts maintenance. As a result, the crew operates on an 18, vice 24 hour day. However, the submarine, and senior enlisted and senior officers, remain on a 24 hour schedule, which causes a bit of havoc with the crews biological clock. - For example, if a section has the Midwatch (midnight to 0600), theyll get off and eat breakfast, then most likely have drills on the morning watch, training on the afternoon watch, then back on watch for the evening watch. So - theyll often be up for 24 hours straight without sleep, every third day. Theyll try to catch an hour or two down here or there, but sometimes cant, depending on the ships schedule or real-world ops. The Daily Routine - Drills, Drills, Drills I mentioned drills during yesterdays post, and submarines run a lot of them. Engineering drills, Ship drills, and Fire Control Party drills. Drill after drill, with the crew combating a never-ending affliction of things going wrong. In the Engineering spaces, the nukes - nickname for the nuclear-trained personnel - run drill after drill combating casualties that take down or cripple the reactor or propulsion plants, restoring them to full operation as quickly as possible. - Ship wide, the crew runs flooding and fire drills, torpedo hot run and other emergency drills when at Battle Stations, attempting to anticipate every type of malfunction or battle damage than can occur during combat. The Daily Routine - Training and Qualification When youre not running drills during normal working hours, odds are youll be studying something, whether in a formal classroom style lecture on reactor plant theory for the nukes during department level training, in-rate topics for the divisions during division level training, or hours upon hours of self-study as you qualify first one watch station, then another and another, or learning practically every piping run, valve, and switch on the submarine as you qualify in submarines and earn the right to wear the silver or gold dolphins on your chest. - Then theres the advancement exams youll be studying for so you can get promoted if youre enlisted, or qualify as Engineer or for Command if youre an officer. The studying never ends. The Daily Routine - Maintenance Never-ending maintenance. A submarine is incredibly complex with a lot of equipment, and a certain percentage of it always breaks. So pretty much every evening, real-world ops permitting, each division sets aside time for Corrective maintenance - fixing the stuff thats broken. Luckily, submarines have a lot of redundancy and can function with broken equipment while its being repaired. - Navy ships also have a maintenance philosophy called Preventative maintenance, where equipment is maintained according to a set schedule. Sorta like taking your car in for an oil change every 15,000 miles. A good portion of a crew members 12-hour off time is dedicated to maintenance. The Daily Routine - Off-Watch Pastimes When youre not doing drills, training, maintenance, or studying, you might be able to squeeze out some time for relaxation. Normally thatd be every third day, coming off the afternoon watch, when youve got the evening and mid-watch off. - Each evening, most submarines show a movie in the Crews Mess at 8 pm, with popcorn, plus some of the crew will gather to play cards. One of the traditional naval card games is cribbage, although the photo looks like Saturday night poker, The Daily Routine - Working Out Is there time to work out on a submarine and the equipment to do so - If the submarines operational situation permits it (the risk of you dropping a weight or otherwise clanking around), a crew member will typically work out after they come off watch or before they go on. There wont be much equipment on board however. Theres no standard equipment either - each submarine jams whatever they think they can fit aboard - typically one or two stationary bikes, maybe a rowing machine, a versa-climber, sometimes a treadmill. Some of the SSBNs, which have more room, have a universal style weight machine, and a lot of submarines will have a work bench with adjustable dumb bells, maybe a weight bar. Everything is focused on cramming as much utility into as little space as possible. - You can also get a decent run in on our SSBNs - 17 laps around Missile Compartment Upper Level is one mile. (Did I mention our SSBNs are pretty big) The Daily Routine - Sledding, Anyone Okay, so submariners are still Big Kids, looking for ways to entertain themselves. When operations permit and the submarine is making depth changes with a steep angle - and assuming they been given a heads up and have the proper equipment (although it doesnt take much, as you can see in the photo) you can go sledding on a submarine. - Submarines use a plasticy insulated flooring in some of its compartments, which is somewhat slick, and with a steep enough angle and the right sledding equipment, you can get up a pretty good head of steam. - The tricky part isnt getting going though its stopping once you reach the far bulkhead. Welcome to Topic 8 of Submarine 101 By now youre probably hungry, so we finally get to the topic of - Food Whats the food like aboard submarines Well start with - The Loadout. The loadout is critical, because if you dont loadout properly, youll run out of something critical, and you cant run to the local grocery store or 7-11. So, like Santa, the cooks make their list and check it twice, and it includes a LOT of stuff. A typical loadout for an SSBN patrol includes: - 500 pounds of coffee - 800 pounds of butter, and - 22,000 eggs Due to space limitations, many items are baked aboard the submarine rather than brought aboard already made. Theres a Night Baker assigned to bake the white bread needed for sandwiches and toast, along with dinner rolls, hamburger and hoagie buns, and all the pastries, cakes, and cookies. And nothing tastes better than pies and cookies right out of the oven. Submarine Food - The Menu and the Meat Identifier Submarines serve 4 meals each day - breakfast, lunch, dinner, and mid-rats, so that each watch section can eat either before or after watch. - The menu is usually on a rotation, but each Saturday is usually the same - typically sliders and chocolate chip cookies for lunch and pizza for dinner. Sliders are hamburgers, nicknamed sliders because if youre cooking the patties on the grill and the submarine takes an up or down angle. - As I mentioned, the menus are on a rotation, and each main course (chicken, pork, steak, etc.) is usually paired with the same side dishes. For example, if you walk into the Wardroom and see applesauce on the table, you know youre having pork for dinner. Applesauce in this case is - the Meat Identifier. Submarine Food - Fresh Veggies and Milk The 1st thing youll run out of while underway is fresh fruits and vegetables. Youll notice that when the salads disappear. Submariners look forward to port calls not just for the liberty, but for fresh veggies and milk In the old days, the milk would go next, replaced by powdered milk (yuk), but nowadays submarines carry irradiated milk, which lasts much longer. - What Submariners afraid of irradiated milk Cmon. Submarine Food - Eating in Crews Mess and the Wardroom Officers and enlisted eat separately. The enlisted eat in the Crews Mess while the officers eat in the Wardroom. - The Crews Mess is cafeteria style - grab your tray and utensils and pick out the food you want, then sit down wherever you want with your buddies, as you can see in the top two photos. - The Wardroom is much more formal, as you can see in the bottom two photos. The officers are seated by seniority, with the Captain on one end of a rectangular table that seats 12 and the Supply Officer on the other end. No one sits until the Captain sits, then each course is brought out individually (soup, salad, main meal, dessertcoffee), and no one begins eating each course until the Captain begins, and no officer may leave the table unless he is excused by the Captain. The only exception is the 2 on-coming watch officers may eat ahead of the Captain, as they need to eat quickly so they can relieve the watch, and the two off-going watch officers eat at second-sitting. Submarine Food - The Ice Cream Machine Whats the most critical piece of equipment aboard a Nuclear Powered Submarine - Some will say its the nuclear reactor that provides power, others will say its the torpedo tubes so they can defend themselves, and others will say its the main engines that carry them to safety. - Nope. The most essential piece of gear aboard a nuclear powered submarine is the ice cream machine. - Submarines have a soft-serve ice ceam machine that typically serve vanilla or chocolate ice cream (whatever mix they happen to have), and thats one piece of critical gear that better stay working the entire deployment or patrol. Submarine Food - What do you do with the Garbage Garbage is segregated into 2 categories - biodegradable and not. The stuff that will decompose gets compacted into the metal cans you see hanging from the wall, and dropped out through the TDU - Trash Disposal Unit - on the left, which is about a one-foot diameter hole in the bottom of the submarine. - The stuff that isnt biodegradable (i. e. plastics), gets cleaned up and stored until the submarine returns to port. Submarines - A Tasty Snack I wasnt sure where to put this post, but its too fun not to include somewhere. This happened on an ICEX, where a submarine surfaced near the North Pole (top left photo). A polar bear took notice, and apparently decided the submarine looked like a tasty snack, and tried to take a bite out of the rudder. Topic 9: Submarine Air and Water Life Aboard Submarines - Water, Water, Everywhere Not a Drop to Drink Welcome to Topic 9 of Submarine 101 Earlier I introduced you to submarine food. Now its Water (and Air). Ill start with - Water. Submarines have to make all the water they need - for drinking, cooking, bathing, and most important (aside from drinking) - the propulsion plant. - Drinkable water, and even purer water for the propulsion plant, is created by a submarines evaporator - basically a tea kettle that boils the seawater and condenses the steam into pure water. However, evaporators have been replaced with new Reverse Osmosis machines, which filters out the impurities in the seawater. - But submarines can make only so much water per day and water supply is limited, so water faucets are designed to shut off after a few seconds, and the crew is trained to take submarine showers, as I mentioned in Topic 4. Submarine Air and Water - Where does the oxygen you breath come from The answer is - submarines make their own oxygen. - Submarines have one or two oxygen generators (depending on the submarine class) that break water molecules into their oxygen and hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atoms combine to form breathable oxygen (O2), and the hydrogen is pumped overboard. - Submarines also store oxygen in oxygen banks for an emergency in case both oxygen generators go down, or if the submarine sinks and loses power, they can bleed oxygen from the banks. Submarine Air and Water - Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers Submarines have Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers, which remove the carbon dioxide humans exhale, from the submarines atmosphere. - There are lots of other impurities in a submarines atmosphere besides carbon dioxide which must be removed (besides the smell of your buddys socks and sneakers). In addition to Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers, submarines also have Hydrocarbon Burners, which remove lots of other impurities from the air. Submarine Air and Water - That Funny Smell The older the submarine, the funnier the smell. If its a diesel submarine, itd be a diesel smell, but the U. S. doesnt have any diesel submarines any more. So whats that smell Its most likely amine, a chemical we use in the Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers to remove the carbon dioxide from the air. Between the Scrubbers and Burners removing CO2 and other impurities from the air, you dont end up smelling like your buddys socks, but you do end up smelling like amine. Submarine Air and Water - Smoke Break When I joined the Submarine Force, smoking was still allowed on submarines and even on watch. But that gradually changed, and in 2010, smoking was completely banned aboard submarines (below decks). Topic 10: Submarine Training and Inspections Submarine Training and Inspections - Training, Training, and more Training Welcome to Topic 10 of Submarine 101 Here Ill run you through the training and certifications submarines go through. The best type of training a submarine can get is sub on sub - two submarines going head-to-head against each other, attempting to detect and simulate shooting each other, and in some cases actually shooting Exercise torpedoes. - In these cases, one submarine will be restricted to operating shallow with the other one deep, so that they dont run into each other if they happen to cross paths. Submarine Training and Inspections - Submarine Command Course (SCC) Submarine Command Courses (SCC) are for officers tapped to become the next submarine Executive and Commanding Officers. These classes convene once a quarter and last 3 months (plus an additional 3 months of refresher reactor plant training for the prospective commanding officers). - SCCs culminate in a weeklong exercise at sea, with the class of PXOs and PCOs split between 2 or 3 submarines with their torpedo rooms loaded to the gills with exercise torpedoes, going head-to-head day and night. - I couldnt find any photos of Command Course officers in Control, so I went with this one. Bonus points to anyone who identifies the teenagers in the Control Room of this submarine. (Youll have a leg up if you have elementary school age kids.) Submarine Training and Inspections - Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination (ORSE) Safe operation of the nuclear reactor is paramount, and the crew is examined annually by an external inspection team, assessing the reactor plants material condition and the crews knowledge and their ability to conduct maintenance, routine evolutions, and respond to reactor and propulsion plant casualties. - Theres a lot of teamwork involved in the proper operation of the reactor and propulsion plant, and the workup for the inspection can be grueling. The photo is a T-shirt one of the 3 watch sections created during the workup for an ORSE when I was the Engineering Officer. Submariners can be somewhat cynical, as the T-Shirt depicts the section failing the inspection in epic fashion, blowing the ship up during the ORSE. Of course, submarine nuclear reactors cant actually blow up. - The T-shirts were worn hidden beneath their blue coveralls, and the watch section did fantastic. Submarine Training and Inspections - Tactical Readiness Examination (TRE) While an ORSE (Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination) is focused on the safe operation of the reactor and propulsion plant, the TRE is focused on the crews state of tactical training and its ability to successfully complete all of its tactical and strategic missions, including engaging another submarine or surface ship in battle, launching its ballistic or Tomahawk missiles, conducting surveillance off the coast, or launching and retrieving SEALs, etc. - all while combating various casualties - fire in the case of this photo. Submarine Training and Inspections - Other Inspections (Supply, MS, etc.) While other inspections are focused on the crews ability to safely operate the nuclear reactor or engage in combat, the Supply Management Inspection (SMI) evaluates the Supply Departments ability to support the submarine in a number of areas - adequate spare parts on board, and first and foremost - good food. Also, each year, the ship (surfaced or submarine) with the most outstanding galley is awarded the Ney Award. Submarine Training and Inspections - Fires and Flooding The two biggest threats to a submarine are flooding and fire. Unlike surface ships with lots of compartments, if a single compartment gets flooded on a U. S. submarine (aside from the Reactor Compartment), the submarine is going to the bottom. The compartments are simply too large and even with an Emergency Blow, there isnt enough reserve buoyancy. So stopping any flooding quickly is crucial. - Fire is the next most dangerous hazard, as the submarine is a closed environment, and the compartments fill up quickly with toxic gases and thick black smoke. The fire can spread rapidly, destroying vital equipment. - So the crew trains constantly, both ashore and at sea, honing their skills against these two casualties. Here you see pictures of shoreside Flooding and Fire trainers, giving the crew hands on experience they cant get while on board the submarine. Topic 11: Submarine Halfway Night and other Rituals Welcome to Topic 11 of Submarine 101 Here Irsquoll cover some submarine rituals and other fun stuff Submarine Rituals - Halfway Night Halfway night marks the halfway point of the patrol or deployment, and is usually celebrated with the best meal of the patrol (usually Lobster tail and prime rib or NY strip steak) and an assortment of festivities. The festivities typically raise money for the submarines recreation fund and vary by boat, but heres a typical Halfway Night: - Pie in the Eye. Whipped cream pies auctioned off to the highest bidder, who gets to throw them at his favorite crew member, officers included (one night only) Not the Captain, though, and some XOs are off-limits. When I was XO, I was fair-game. (I raised a LOT of money.) - Another auction determines who serves the food in Crews Mess and the Wardroom, and cleans up afterwards. Typically a few officers will get tagged with this honor. - Another auction will determine which enlisted will get to eat in the Wardroom, or even sit in the Captains chair, or even be the Captain for a day. - All-in-all, Halfway Night is a time for the crew to let down their hair and break through the formality barrier between officers and enlisted. Its a fun night, and everyone looks forward to it. Submarine Rituals - Shellback A Shellback is a sailor who has crossed the equator on a naval vessel. A Pollywog is someone who has not. You dont want to be a Pollywog when you cross the equator, because then youll get to be initiated and become a Shellback. - Its all in fun and the ceremonies used to be pretty gross, but theyve been toned down over the years. But basically the fattest guy on the crew becomes King Neptune for the day, appropriately regaled with crown and scepter, and Pollywogs have to pay homage and do his bidding, appropriately supervised by Shellbacks who have thought up some pretty interesting events, which may or may not include sucking a cherry out of King Neptunes belly button. - Crossing the equator and becoming a Shellback is not only a submarine tradition, but a surface ship and an international Navy tradition. I couldnt find any good (i. e. appropriate) submarine photos, so heres one from an aircraft carrier, where it looks like the Pollywog had to dive under the slime and pick up the apple with her mouth. Submarine Rituals - Blue Nose A Blue Nose is a someone who has crossed the Artic Circle. There arent too many Blue Noses in the Submarine Force, since submarines go up under the ice infrequently - every few years, 2 or 3 subs will go under the polar ice cap to shoot torpedoes, or submarines will transit under the polar ice cap if theyre doing an inter-fleet transfer and the decision is made to send them under the ice rather than through the Panama Canal or through the Suez Canal. - Blue Nose rituals will involve the pre-Blue Nose somehow getting really cold and getting a blue nose. Submarine Rituals - Panama Canal Passage Although its not really a ritual, passing through the Panama Canal is a unique experience youll never forget. I got to do it twice, first as Junior Officer of the Deck, and again as Officer of the Deck, on the Bridge guiding the submarine into the Gatun Locks from the Atlantic Ocean. - The Panama Canal is above sea level, so the locks raise the ships up in stages, then the ships transit across the picturesce countryside through canals with steep, sloping cliffs, which connect various lakes, until you reach the Miraflores locks, which lower you down to the Pacific Ocean. - The maximum width of almost all ships is dictated by the width of the Panama Canal. In the photo you can see several cruise liners in the canal, and what a tight fit it is. Submarine Rituals - Steel Beach Picnic One of the rituals submariners look forward to is a Steel Beach Picnic. When operations permit and weather cooperates, the Captain will surface the ship and the crew will have a cookout on top of the submarine. - The cooks will bring a Bar-B-Q grill topside, grill some burgers and hot dogs, and the crew will kick back and relax. The cooks will even send up some burgers and dogs to the Officer of the Deck and Lookout, stationed on the Bridge. Submarine Rituals - Swim Call What would a Steel Beach Picnic be without a - Swim Call. Typically, when the Captain surfaces the submarine for a Steel Beach Picnic, he usually authorizes a Swim Call. Break out the sunglasses, because a bevy of pasty-white submariners will head topside to catch some rays and dive into the water, including from the sail planes on the older submarines (one drawback of shifting to bow planes). - One note: were always on the lookout for sharks, so we post an extra lookout in the Bridge with a rifle. The joke is - hes not there to shoot the shark, just the farthest guy out, so the rest can make it back. Topic 12: Submarine Pranks Welcome to Topic 12 of Submarine 101 This is a fun topic - Submarine Pranks Submarine Pranks - The Mail Buoy Submarine pranks typically take advantage of a new seamans lack of knowledge and gullibility, and one of the oldest submarine pranks is the Mail Buoy watch. In this prank, a new seaman is informed the submarine will be pulling up to the mail buoy to retrieve the ships mail. (A seabag of mail will be attached to the buoy, and after the submarine surfaces, someone will have to carefully walk down the sloping bow of the submarine and hook the seabag and pull it on board.) - So Deck Division, who normally has the newest recruits assigned, will select an unfortunate soul for the duty, and have him dressed in foul weather gear, life preserver, deck harness, boat hook, etc, ready to head topside, and send him to the Control Room to request permission to head topside to retrieve the mail buoy. The Officer of the Deck will of course, decline permission, since there is no such thing as a mail buoy. - From the cartoon I found, apparently the Mail Buoy prank is a surface ship as well as a submarine prank. Submarine Pranks - Relative Bearing Grease Another submarine prank involves Bearing Grease. There are lots of physical bearings on submarines - main engine bearings, shaft bearings, etc. and a lot of them need to be greased. There are also directional bearings - True and Relative, with Relative being a contacts bearing in degrees off the ships bow rather than from true North. - The prank on a new seaman is - his division is doing maintenance, and the Chief will send the seaman to the Supply shack for grease for the Relative Bearing theyre about to install, and he needs to hurry so he doesnt hold up the maintenance. So the seaman hustles to Supply, where the Supply Chief will check, and sure enough, hell be out of Relative Bearing grease. But he issued the last batch to Machinery Division in the Engine Room - the seaman should check with them. So the seaman scurries to Shaft Alley only to find out that M-Div used the last of their Relative Bearing grease that morning. But M-Div says that Torpedo Div near the bow has some. So the seaman hustles to the front of the submarine and checks with Torpedo Division, but alas, theyre all out too. But they think A-Div might have some. And so it goes, the seaman bouncing around frantically searching for Relative Bearing grease, knowing his Chief is waiting for it, until he finally figures out there is no such thing as a Relative Bearing or someone eventually clues him in. Submarine Pranks - Shooting Water Slugs Submarines typically exercise their torpedo tubes once each week to make sure theyre operational, filling them with water and firing them. This is called shooting water slugs. On older submarine classes, the tubes are fired with 3000 pound high pressure air, and its pretty loud. Before firing the tubes, an announcement is made - Shooting water slugs. - Another submarine prank is to hand a bucket to a Seaman and tell him to head to the Engine Room and get a bucket of water slugs from the bilge (back when we had wet bilges). The chief would explain how the little creatures get into the bilges from pump drains and grow, and they have to shoot them out the torpedo tubes. The Seaman would head to the Engine Room, bucket and scoop in hand, where, of course, there are no water slugs in the bilge. Submarine Pranks - The Missing Door The Executive Officer, or XO, is the Captains right-hand man and the officer responsible, along with the Chief-of-the-Boat (COB), for running the ship. As such, he can be a slave-driver at times, and he can be somewhat unpopular. - The military officer-enlisted relationship requires the crew follow his orders and show the proper respect, but on patrol or deployment, the crew will sometimes pull a prank on the XO. One of those pranks is to remove the hinge pins and steal the XOs stateroom door for a while. - I couldnt find a picture of an XOs stateroom - this one looks like a fast attack Commanding Officers stateroom. The metal thing to the right is a fold-down sink, and above it is a medicine cabinet. You see a fold-down table with one of two seats at the back of the stateroom. The table folds up, and the Captains bed then folds down from the bulkhead. Submarine Pranks - The Mysterious Light Another prank a submarine crew will play on the XO is the mysterious flickering light. This will typically involve an electrician, of course, who will tap into the XOs stateroom light, connecting it to either a toggle switch or a communication circuit somewhere. The XOs light will flicker or malfunction and the XO will call an electrician who will check it out. But of course, every time he checks it out, it works perfectly. And every time anyone is in the XOs stateroom, it works fine - the only time it malfunctions is when the XO is alone, and everyone starts to think the XO is wacky. Submarine Pranks - Trim Party This is a prank pulled on someone who is standing Diving Officer of the Watch in the Control Room, who is responsible for maintaining a desired trim on the submarine - the angle the boat would steady up at if the planes were put in neutral. i. e. if the submarine is too heavy forward, the boat will have a slight down angle, and you can pump water between the Forward Trim and After Trim tanks (and tanks in between) to evenly disperse the weight aboard the submarine so that at all stop, the submarine is at an even keel. This prank is typically pulled on someone who is trying to qualify Dive and is being observed in his final qualification watch. One to two dozen guys will get together and head to Shaft Alley, the furthest point aft in the boat you can go, and just when the Dive thinks hes got an even trim, someone in Control will call back and everyone will run to the bow, totally screwing up the weight distribution. The Dive will pump water aft to compensate, and just when he thinks hes got it under control, theyll all run back to Shaft Alley. Submarine Pranks - A Little Bit Off Course This isnt really a submarine prank, per se, but I ran across this and thought it was pretty neat. Someone put a lot of work into this prank, making it appear like a submarine went to periscope depth from underneath the city and crashed up through the sidewalk. Topic 13: Unusual Submarine Operations Welcome to Topic 13 of Submarine 101 - Unusual Operations Unusual Submarine Operations - ICEX (Under Ice Exercise) Submarine combat under the polar ice cap is a challenging scenario, since submarines use sound to detect their adversary, and the sound bouncing off the polar ice cap above complicates things. Plus, its a hazardous environment, with deadly ice keels jutting downward, which can puncture and sink a submarine if they are run into at high speed. - Additionally, the near freezing temperatures place submarine weapon systems in unusual circumstances where they might not work. For example, I was at a base camp on the polar ice cap in 2009 and I pulled out my camera to take a picture, and it didnt work. The camera was so cold, the battery didnt function. I had to put the battery inside my thermal suit for a while to warm it up so it would work. - Every few years, the Navy sends submarines under the polar ice cap to shoot exercise torpedoes at each other, to ensure they retain the tactical ability to prosecute enemy submarines under the ice, and to verify their weapon systems function in the harsh polar environment. Unusual Submarine Operations - SINKEX (Warshot Live Firing) End-to-end testing of warshot torpedoes is essential, to verify everything works properly, so each year 1 to 4 Heavyweight torpedoes (fired by submarines) and 1 to 2 Lightweight torpedoes (dropped by helicopters or P-3P-8 aircraft, or fired by surface ships) are tested. - These warshots are fired against decommissioned surface ships, like in the photo, or against fake targets (buoys with sonar repeaters that simulate a target) - One interesting fact is that when fired against surface ships, Heavyweight torpedoes dont puncture the ship - they explode beneath the keel, and the void of water the explosion creates breaks the ships keel, since there is nothing under the ship to support it, and the ship breaks into two pieces, as you can see in the photo. Unusual Submarine Operations - FCET (Follow-on CINC Evaluation Test i. e. Ballistic missile launch) Like a Warshot torpedo live firing, an FCET is a ballistic missile live firing, except the nuclear warheads are replaced with instrumentation to measure flight and impact coordinate performance. - Each year, the Navy performs an FCET, launching multiple missiles from an Ohio class ballistic missile submarine, verifying the submarines weapon and launch systems, as well as verifying the missiles work properly. Unusual Submarine Operations - Set-to-Hit Torpedo shots Whenever a new torpedo or software is developed, the weapon must pass thorough Developmental and Operational Testing (DTOT). - Exercise torpedoes are prevented from hitting other submarines by STRATUM protection, operating in a different layer of the ocean, or in older variants, by a turnaway feature. But DTOT testing often calls for Set-to-Hit shots against special targets to verify the final phases of torpedo homing, arming, and detonation (with fake warheads). - In the attached photo, the submarine had a bad day - the Exercise torpedo malfunctioned, and its Turnaway feature didnt kick in. Notice how nonchalant they are with the torpedo sticking out of the submarines sail. (Its because its an Exercise torpedo, not a Warshot.) Unusual Submarine Operations - TACDEVEX (Tactical Development Exercise) Submarines do a lot of Sub-on-Sub training, honing their skills to locate, track, shoot, and evade other submarines. TACDEVEXes (Tactical Development Exercises) are special exercises usually run by a special submarine squadron - Tactical Development Squadron TWELVE, based out of Groton CT, and by COMSUBPAC, to test out new tactics or to more thoroughly evaluate new weapons or combat systems delivered to the Submarine Force. - The attached photo is our newest submarine under development. Okay, just kidding. We dont actually have a flying submarine that can drill through mountains. The photo is from the 1963 movie titled Atragon. Topic 14: When Things Go Wrong Welcome to Topic 14 of Submarine 101 Youre almost home, and your fingers are crossed nothing goes wrong before you pull into port. Unfortunately, sometimes they dohellip When Things Go Wrong - San Francisco Grounding As I mentioned earlier, submarines are blind underwater and almost never use active sonar, relying on passive sonar to ensure they dont run into other ships, and they rely on their navigation charts to ensure they dont run into the ocean bottom or shore. Unfortunately, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are vast and sometimes the charts are inaccurate, and amazingly, there are still uncharted underwater mountains. - The USS San Francisco was on its way to Australia, traveling at Ahead Flank speed, when it slammed into an uncharted underwater mountain. Of the 137 men aboard, 98 were injured, including one fatality. It was a miracle the San Francisco wasnrsquot sunk. The submarines pressure hull survived intact, buffered by the ships forward main ballast tanks as they crumpled into the mountain peak. - After the submarine limped back to port, NAVSEA engineers determined the San Franciscos bow was a complete loss. There was no way to fix the hull and have any confidence in the durability and life span of the repaired ship. So they cut off the bow of the USS Honolulu on its way through decommissioning, welding it onto the front of the San Francisco in place of its mangled counterpart. When Things Go Wrong - Kursk Explosion Unlike the San Francisco, which survived its disaster, the Russian submarine Kursk did not. In 2000, while testing new torpedoes, there were two explosions in its Bow compartment, most likely from one of its torpedoes which suffered a fuel leak, which led to an intial explosion, and then a subsequent explosion from warheads in the Torpedo Room, which sank the Kursk, resulting in the loss of all hands. - The Kursk, minus its bow, was subsequently raised from the bottom a year later, as you can see in the photo. When Things Go Wrong - Hartford and New Orleans Collision Ive mentioned that going to periscope depth is a routine, yet hazardous evolution, since a submarine is never 100 sure whats up there, and surface ships travel much faster than a submarine at periscope depth and can bear down quickly on a submarine, which is not particularly maneuverable at PD. - The photo is a picture of the USS Hartford, after she collided with the USS New Orleans in the Persian Gulf while going to PD. (To add insult to injury, not only did she collide with a surface ship, she collided with one of our own warships.) - You can see the sail of the Hartford is bent over, tilting to the side. It could have been disastrous - the collision almost ripped the sail from the top of the submarine. When Things Go Wrong - TRIDENT D5 Missile Test Launch Well, tests dont always go as planned. This photo is one of the early Trident missile test launches, and Im just guessing, but I dont think this is part of the 1st stage missile flight plan. When Things Go Wrong - Call the Doc Submarines transit across the middle of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and to locations where medical assistance is days if not weeks away. Aside from SSGNs, who have a Medical Officer when SEAL units are aboard, submarines have a Corpsman, who are a Jack of All Trades. - If youre stuck in the middle of nowhere and cant get access to the appropriate specialty, the Doc will handle it. Break a bone Call the Doc. Need a dentist Call the Doc. Need an emergency appendectomy Postpone dinner and clear the Wardroom table and. call the Doc. - The photo is titled Submarine Appendectomy, from Esquire Magazine. Submarine Homecoming - A Sight for Sore Eyes Welcome to the final topic of Submarine 101 Homecoming By now youve been at sea for 2 and a 12 months if youve been on an SSBN patrol, or 6 months on a fast attack deployment, counting down each day youve been away from your family, and as you pull into port, theyll be waiting on the pier - It looks like this submarine is pulling into Pearl Harbor, since its got a giant lei draped across the front of its sail. - Its been a tough patrol or deployment, being away from your family, especially your kids, and by now, youre ready to trade your buddies in for some well-deserved time at home. Well, that wraps things up I hope youve enjoyed my Submarine 101 and learned a little bit about submarines along the way. Ive had a lot of fun taking you on this virtual tour
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